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-#+title: Set-Up a Reverse Proxy with Nginx
-#+date:  2022-04-02
-
-** What is a Reverse Proxy?
-:PROPERTIES:
-:CUSTOM_ID: what-is-a-reverse-proxy
-:END:
-A reverse proxy is a server that is placed between local servers or
-services and clients/users (e.g., the internet). The reverse proxy
-intercepts all requests from clients at the network edge and uses its
-configuration files to determine where each request should be sent.
-
-*** A Brief Example
-:PROPERTIES:
-:CUSTOM_ID: a-brief-example
-:END:
-For example, let's say that I run three servers in my home:
-
-- Server_01 (=example.com=)
-- Server_02 (=service01.example.com=)
-- Server_03 (=service02.example.com=)
-
-I also run a reverse proxy in my home that intercepts all public
-traffic:
-
-- Reverse Proxy
-
-Assume that I have a domain name (=example.com=) that allows clients to
-request websites or services from my home servers.
-
-In this case, the reverse proxy will intercept all traffic from
-=example.com= that enters my network and determine if the client is
-requesting valid data, based on my configuration.
-
-If the user is requesting =example.com= and my configuration files say
-that Server_01 holds that data, Nginx will send the user to Server_01.
-If I were to change the configuration so that =example.com= is routed to
-Server_02, that same user would be sent to Server_02 instead.
-
-#+begin_src txt
-┌──────┐                                              ┌───────────┐
-│ User │─┐                                         ┌──► Server_01 │
-└──────┘ │                                         │  └───────────┘
-         │    ┌──────────┐   ┌───────────────┐     │  ┌───────────┐
-         ├────► Internet ├───► Reverse Proxy ├─────├──► Server_02 │
-         │    └──────────┘   └───────────────┘     │  └───────────┘
-┌──────┐ │                                         │  ┌───────────┐
-│ User │─┘                                         └──► Server_03 │
-└──────┘                                              └───────────┘
-#+end_src
-
-** Reverse Proxy Options
-:PROPERTIES:
-:CUSTOM_ID: reverse-proxy-options
-:END:
-There are a lot of options when it comes to reverse proxy servers, so
-I'm just going to list a few of the options I've heard recommended over
-the last few years:
-
-- [[https://nginx.com][Nginx]]
-- [[https://caddyserver.com][Caddy]]
-- [[https://traefik.io/][Traefik]]
-- [[https://www.haproxy.org/][HAProxy]]
-- [[https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/proxy-servers-squid][Squid]]
-
-In this post, we will be using Nginx as our reverse proxy, running on
-Ubuntu Server 20.04.4 LTS.
-
-** Nginx Reverse Proxy Example
-:PROPERTIES:
-:CUSTOM_ID: nginx-reverse-proxy-example
-:END:
-*** Local Applications
-:PROPERTIES:
-:CUSTOM_ID: local-applications
-:END:
-You may be like me and have a lot of applications running on your local
-network that you'd like to expose publicly with a domain.
-
-In my case, I have services running in multiple Docker containers within
-a single server and want a way to visit those services from anywhere
-with a URL. For example, on my local network,
-[[https://dashy.to][Dashy]] runs through port 4000 (=localhost:4000=)
-and [[https://github.com/louislam/uptime-kuma][Uptime Kuma]] runs
-through port 3001 (=localhost:3001=).
-
-In order to expose these services to the public, I will need to do the
-following:
-
-1. Set up DNS records for a domain or subdomain (one per service) to
-   point toward the IP address of the server.
-2. Open up the server network's HTTP and HTTPS ports (80 & 443) so that
-   the reverse proxy can accept traffic and determine where to send it.
-3. Install the reverse proxy software.
-4. Configure the reverse proxy to recognize which service should get
-   traffic from any of the domains or subdomains.
-
-*** Step 1: DNS Configuration
-:PROPERTIES:
-:CUSTOM_ID: step-1-dns-configuration
-:END:
-To start, update your DNS configuration so that you have an =A= record
-for each domain or subdomain.
-
-The =A= records should point toward the public IP address of the server.
-If you don't know the public IP address, log in to the server and run
-the following command:
-
-#+begin_src sh
-curl ifconfig.co
-#+end_src
-
-In the DNS example below, =xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx= is the public IP address of
-the server.
-
-#+begin_src config
-example.com             A        xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
-uptime.example.com      A        xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
-dashy.example.com       A        xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
-www                     CNAME    example.com
-#+end_src
-
-Finally, ensure the DNS has propagated correctly with
-[[https://dnschecker.org][DNS Checker]] by entering your domains or
-subdomains in the search box and ensuring the results are showing the
-correct IP address.
-
-*** Step 2: Open Network Ports
-:PROPERTIES:
-:CUSTOM_ID: step-2-open-network-ports
-:END:
-This step will be different depending on which router you have in your
-home. If you're not sure, try to visit
-[[http://192.168.1.1][192.168.1.1]] in your browser. Login credentials
-are usually written on a sticker somewhere on your modem/router.
-
-Once you're able to log in to your router, find the Port Forwarding
-settings. You will need to forward ports =80= and =443= to whichever
-machine is running the reverse proxy.
-
-In my case, the table below shows the port-forwarding rules I've
-created. In this table, =xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx= is the local device IP of the
-reverse proxy server, it will probably be an IP between =192.168.1.1=
-and =192.168.1.255=.
-
-| NAME  | FROM | PORT | DEST PORT/IP    | ENABLED |
-|-------+------+------+-----------------+---------|
-| HTTP  | ​*    | 80   | xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx | TRUE    |
-| HTTPS | ​*    | 443  | xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx | TRUE    |
-
-Once configured, these rules will direct all web traffic to your reverse
-proxy.
-
-*** Step 3: Nginx Installation
-:PROPERTIES:
-:CUSTOM_ID: step-3-nginx-installation
-:END:
-To install Nginx, simply run the following command:
-
-#+begin_src sh
-sudo apt install nginx
-#+end_src
-
-If you have a firewall enabled, open up ports =80= and =443= on your
-server so that Nginx can accept web traffic from the router.
-
-For example, if you want to use =ufw= for web traffic and SSH, run the
-following commands:
-
-#+begin_src sh
-sudo ufw allow 'Nginx Full'
-sudo ufw allow SSH
-sudo ufw enable
-#+end_src
-
-*** Step 4: Nginx Configuration
-:PROPERTIES:
-:CUSTOM_ID: step-4-nginx-configuration
-:END:
-Now that we have domains pointing toward the server, the only step left
-is to configure the reverse proxy to direct traffic from domains to
-local services.
-
-To start, you'll need to create a configuration file for each domain in
-=/etc/nginx/sites-available/=. They will look identical except for the
-=server_name= variable and the =proxy_pass= port.
-
-Dashy:
-
-#+begin_src sh
-nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/dashy.example.com
-#+end_src
-
-#+begin_src config
-server {
-    listen 80;
-    server_name dashy.example.com;
-
-    location / {
-        proxy_pass http://localhost:4000;
-    }
-}
-#+end_src
-
-Uptime:
-
-#+begin_src sh
-nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/uptime.example.com
-#+end_src
-
-#+begin_src config
-server {
-    listen 80;
-    server_name uptime.example.com;
-
-    location / {
-        proxy_pass http://localhost:3001;
-    }
-}
-#+end_src
-
-Once the configuration files are created, you will need to enable them
-with the =symlink= command:
-
-#+begin_src sh
-sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/dashy.example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
-#+end_src
-
-Voilà! Your local services should now be available through their URLs.
-
-** HTTPS with Certbot
-:PROPERTIES:
-:CUSTOM_ID: https-with-certbot
-:END:
-If you've followed along, you'll notice that your services are only
-available via HTTP (not HTTPS).
-
-If you want to enable HTTPS for your new domains, you will need to
-generate SSL/TLS certificates for them. The easiest way to generate
-certificates on Nginx is [[https://certbot.eff.org][Certbot]]:
-
-#+begin_src sh
-sudo apt install snapd; sudo snap install core; sudo snap refresh core
-sudo snap install --classic certbot
-sudo ln -s /snap/bin/certbot /usr/bin/certbot
-sudo certbot --nginx
-#+end_src