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authorChristian Cleberg <hello@cleberg.net>2024-03-04 22:34:28 -0600
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-+++
-date = 2021-01-07
-title = "Secure Your Network with the Uncomplicated Firewall"
-description = "A simple guide to the UFW."
-+++
-
-## Uncomplicated Firewall
-
-Uncomplicated Firewall, also known as ufw, is a convenient and
-beginner-friendly way to enforce OS-level firewall rules. For those who
-are hosting servers or any device that is accessible to the world (i.e.,
-by public IP or domain name), it's critical that a firewall is properly
-implemented and active.
-
-Ufw is available by default in all Ubuntu installations after 8.04 LTS.
-For other distributions, you can look to install ufw or check if there
-are alternative firewalls installed already. There are usually
-alternatives available, such as Fedora's `firewall` and the
-package available on most distributions: `iptables`. Ufw is
-considered a beginner-friendly front-end to iptables.
-
-[Gufw](https://gufw.org) is available as a graphical user interface
-(GUI) application for users who are uncomfortable setting up a firewall
-through a terminal.
-
-![Gufw Screenshot](https://img.cleberg.net/blog/20210107-secure-your-network-with-the-uncomplicated-firewall/gufw.png)
-
-## Getting Help
-
-If you need help figuring out commands, remember that you can run the
-`--help` flag to get a list of options.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw --help
-```
-
-## Set Default State
-
-The proper way to run a firewall is to set a strict default state and
-slowly open up ports that you want to allow. This helps prevent anything
-malicious from slipping through the cracks. The following command
-prevents all incoming traffic (other than the rules we specify later),
-but you can also set this for outgoing connections, if necessary.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw default deny incoming
-```
-
-You should also allow outgoing traffic if you want to allow the device
-to communicate back to you or other parties. For example, media servers
-like Plex need to be able to send out data related to streaming the
-media.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw default allow outgoing
-```
-
-## Adding Port Rules
-
-Now that we've disabled all incoming traffic by default, we need to
-open up some ports (or else no traffic would be able to come in). If you
-need to be able to `ssh` into the machine, you'll need to
-open up port 22.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw allow 22
-```
-
-You can also issue more restrictive rules. The following rule will allow
-`ssh` connections only from machines on the local subnet.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw allow proto tcp from 192.168.0.0/24 to any port 22
-```
-
-If you need to set a rule that isn't tcp, just append your connection
-type to the end of the rule.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw allow 1900/udp
-```
-
-## Enable ufw
-
-Now that the firewall is configured and ready to go, you can enable the
-firewall.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw enable
-```
-
-A restart may be required for the firewall to begin operating.
-
-```sh
-sudo reboot now
-```
-
-## Checking Status
-
-Now that the firewall is enabled, let's check and see what the rules
-look like.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw status numbered
-```
-
-```txt
-Status: active
-
- To Action From
- -- ------ ----
-[ 1] 22 ALLOW IN Anywhere
-[ 2] 22 (v6) ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
-```
-
-## Deleting Rules
-
-If you need to delete a rule, you need to know the number associated
-with that rule. Let's delete the first rule in the table above. You'll
-be asked to confirm the deletion as part of this process.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw delete 1
-```
-
-## Managing App Rules
-
-Luckily, there's a convenient way for installed applications to create
-files that ufw can easily implement so that you don't have to search
-and find which ports your application requires. To see if your device
-has any applications with pre-installed ufw rules, execute the following
-command:
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw app list
-```
-
-The results should look something like this:
-
-```txt
-Available applications:
- OpenSSH
- Samba
- plexmediaserver
- plexmediaserver-all
- plexmediaserver-dlna
-```
-
-If you want to get more information on a specific app rule, use the
-`info` command.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw app info plexmediaserver-dlna
-```
-
-You'll get a blurb of info back like this:
-
-```txt
-Profile: plexmediaserver-dlna
-Title: Plex Media Server (DLNA)
-Description: The Plex Media Server (additional DLNA capability only)
-
-Ports:
- 1900/udp
- 32469/tcp
-```
-
-You can add or delete app rules the same way that you'd add or delete
-specific port rules.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw allow plexmediaserver-dlna
-```
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw delete RULE|NUM
-```
-
-## Creating App Rules
-
-If you'd like to create you own app rule, you'll need to create a file
-in the `/etc/ufw/applications.d` directory. Within the file
-you create, you need to make sure the content is properly formatted.
-
-For example, here are the contents my `plexmediaserver` file,
-which creates three distinct app rules for ufw:
-
-```config
-[plexmediaserver]
-title=Plex Media Server (Standard)
-description=The Plex Media Server
-ports=32400/tcp|3005/tcp|5353/udp|8324/tcp|32410:32414/udp
-
-[plexmediaserver-dlna]
-title=Plex Media Server (DLNA)
-description=The Plex Media Server (additional DLNA capability only)
-ports=1900/udp|32469/tcp
-
-[plexmediaserver-all]
-title=Plex Media Server (Standard + DLNA)
-description=The Plex Media Server (with additional DLNA capability)
-ports=32400/tcp|3005/tcp|5353/udp|8324/tcp|32410:32414/udp|1900/udp|32469/tcp
-```
-
-So, if I wanted to create a custom app rule called "mycustomrule,"
-I'd create a file and add my content like this:
-
-```sh
-sudo nano /etc/ufw/applications.d/mycustomrule
-```
-
-```config
-[mycustomrule]
-title=My Custom Rule
-description=This is a temporary ufw app rule.
-ports=88/tcp|9100/udp
-```
-
-Then, I would just enable this rule in ufw.
-
-```sh
-sudo ufw allow mycustomrule
-```