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+#+title: Enable TOTP MFA for SSH
+#+date: 2022-03-26
+#+description: Learn how to enable timed one-time passcodes for SSH.
+#+filetags: :security:
+
+* Why Do I Need MFA for SSH?
+If you are a sysadmin of a server anywhere (that includes at home!), you
+may want an added layer of protection against intruders. This is not a
+replacement for other security measures, such as:
+
+- Disable root SSH
+- Disable SSH password authentication
+- Allow only certain users to login via SSH
+- Allow SSH only from certain IPs
+
+However, MFA can be added as an additional security measure to ensure
+that your server is protected. This is especially important if you need
+to allow password authentication for SSH.
+
+For more guidance on server security measures, see my other post:
+[[../hardening-a-public-facing-home-server/][Hardening a
+Public-Facing Home Server]].
+
+* Install MFA PAM Module
+PAM, which stands for Pluggable Authentication Module, is an
+authentication infrastructure used on Linux systems to authenticate a
+user. In order to use this technology, let's install the
+=libpam-google-authenticator= package:
+
+#+begin_src sh
+sudo apt-get update
+#+end_src
+
+#+begin_src sh
+sudo apt-get install libpam-google-authenticator
+#+end_src
+
+* Initialize the PAM Module
+** Interactive Method
+Once the package is installed, initialize it and following the
+interactive prompts to generate your OTP or TOTP:
+
+#+begin_src sh
+google-authenticator
+#+end_src
+
+If you are not sure how to answer, read the prompts carefully and think
+about having to how each situation would affect your normal login
+attempts. If you are still not sure, use my default responses below.
+
+#+begin_src txt
+OUTPUT
+
+Do you want authentication tokens to be time-based (y/n) y
+#+end_src
+
+At this point, use an authenticator app somewhere one of your devices to
+scan the QR code. Any future login attempts after our upcoming
+configuration changes will require that TOTP.
+
+#+begin_src txt
+OUTPUT
+
+Do you want me to update your "/home/user/.google_authenticator" file? (y/n) y
+#+end_src
+
+#+begin_src txt
+OUTPUT
+
+Do you want to disallow multiple uses of the same authentication
+token? This restricts you to one login about every 30s, but it increases
+your chances to notice or even prevent man-in-the-middle attacks (y/n) y
+#+end_src
+
+#+begin_src txt
+OUTPUT
+
+By default, a new token is generated every 30 seconds by the mobile app.
+In order to compensate for possible time-skew between the client and the server,
+we allow an extra token before and after the current time. This allows for a
+time skew of up to 30 seconds between authentication server and client. If you
+experience problems with poor time synchronization, you can increase the window
+from its default size of 3 permitted codes (one previous code, the current
+code, the next code) to 17 permitted codes (the 8 previous codes, the current
+code, and the 8 next codes). This will permit for a time skew of up to 4 minutes
+between client and server.
+Do you want to do so? (y/n) n
+#+end_src
+
+#+begin_src txt
+OUTPUT
+
+If the computer that you are logging into isn't hardened against brute-force
+login attempts, you can enable rate-limiting for the authentication module.
+By default, this limits attackers to no more than 3 login attempts every 30s.
+Do you want to enable rate-limiting? (y/n) y
+#+end_src
+
+** Non-Interactive Method
+If you need to do this quickly, know your responses to the prompts, or
+are setting this up for numerous users, the non-interactive method can
+be much faster:
+
+#+begin_src sh
+google-authenticator -t -d -f -r 3 -R 30 -w 3
+#+end_src
+
+The options referenced above are as follows:
+
+#+begin_src txt
+google-authenticator [<options>]
+ -h, --help                     Print this message
+ -c, --counter-based            Set up counter-based (HOTP) verification
+ -t, --time-based               Set up time-based (TOTP) verification
+ -d, --disallow-reuse           Disallow reuse of previously used TOTP tokens
+ -D, --allow-reuse              Allow reuse of previously used TOTP tokens
+ -f, --force                    Write file without first confirming with user
+ -l, --label=<label>            Override the default label in "otpauth://" URL
+ -i, --issuer=<issuer>          Override the default issuer in "otpauth://" URL
+ -q, --quiet                    Quiet mode
+ -Q, --qr-mode={NONE,ANSI,UTF8} QRCode output mode
+ -r, --rate-limit=N             Limit logins to N per every M seconds
+ -R, --rate-time=M              Limit logins to N per every M seconds
+ -u, --no-rate-limit            Disable rate-limiting
+ -s, --secret=<file>            Specify a non-standard file location
+ -S, --step-size=S              Set interval between token refreshes
+ -w, --window-size=W            Set window of concurrently valid codes
+ -W, --minimal-window           Disable window of concurrently valid codes
+ -e, --emergency-codes=N        Number of emergency codes to generate
+#+end_src
+
+This fully configures the authenticator, saves it to a file, and then
+outputs the secret key, QR code, and recovery codes. (If you add the
+flag =-q=, then there won't be any output). If you use this command in
+an automated fashion, make sure your script captures the secret key
+and/or recovery codes and makes them available to the user.
+
+* PAM Configuration Settings
+Once you've enabled the T/OTP and have it saved to an MFA app on your
+phone or other device, open the PAM =sshd= file:
+
+#+begin_src sh
+sudo nano /etc/pam.d/sshd
+#+end_src
+
+You need to do two things in this file. First, add the following lines
+to the bottom of the file:
+
+#+begin_src config
+auth required pam_google_authenticator.so nullok
+auth required pam_permit.so
+#+end_src
+
+Second, comment-out the following line near the top of the file.
+
+If you leave this line uncommented, every SSH login attempt will ask for
+the following three authentication factors:
+
+1. Publickey
+2. Password
+3. T/OTP code
+
+#+begin_src config
+#@include common-auth
+#+end_src
+
+* SSH Configuration Settings
+Finally, edit the =sshd_config= file again:
+
+#+begin_src sh
+sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
+#+end_src
+
+You'll need to change =ChallengeResponseAuthentication= to yes and add
+the =AuthenticationMethods= line to the bottom of the file.
+
+#+begin_src config
+ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes
+AuthenticationMethods publickey,password publickey,keyboard-interactive
+#+end_src
+
+Finally, restart the =ssh= service:
+
+#+begin_src sh
+sudo systemctl restart sshd.service
+#+end_src
+
+The next time you log in, you should be greeted with a verification code
+request!