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-date = 2024-02-06
-title = "How to Create a ZFS Pool on Ubuntu Linux"
-description = "Learn how to create a simple ZFS pool on Ubuntu Linux."
-+++
-
-This post details the process I used to create ZFS pools, datasets, and
-snapshots on Ubuntu Server.
-
-I found the following pages very helpful while going through this process:
-
-- [Setup a ZFS storage pool](https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/setup-zfs-storage-pool)
-- [Kernel/Reference/ZFS](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Reference/ZFS)
-- [ZFS for Dummies](https://blog.victormendonca.com/2020/11/03/zfs-for-dummies/)
-
-## Installation
-
-To start, I installed the ZFS package with the following command:
-
-```sh
-sudo apt install zfsutils-linux
-```
-
-Once installed, you can check the version to see if it installed correctly.
-
-```sh
-> zsf --version
-
-zfs-2.1.5-1ubuntu6~22.04.2
-zfs-kmod-2.1.5-1ubuntu6~22.04.1
-```
-
-## ZFS Configuration
-
-Now that ZFS is installed, we can create and configure the pool.
-
-You have various options for configuring ZFS pools that all come different pros
-and cons. I suggest visiting the links at the top of this post or searching
-online for the best configuration for your use-case.
-
-- Striped VDEVs (Raid0)
-- Mirrored VDEVs (Raid1)
-- Striped Mirrored VDEVs (Raid10)
-- RAIDz (Raid5)
-- RAIDz2 (Raidd6)
-- RAIDz3
-- Nested RAIDz (Raid50, Raid60)
-
-I will be using Raid10 in this guide. However, the majority of the steps are the
-same regardless of your chosen pool configuration.
-
-### Creating the Pool
-
-To start, let's list the disks available to use. You can use `fdisk` command to
-see all available disks.
-
-```sh
-sudo fdisk -l
-```
-
-Or, if you currently have them mounted, you can use the `df` command to view
-your disks.
-
-```sh
-> sudo df -h
-
-Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
-...
-/dev/sda1       7.3T   28K  6.9T   1% /mnt/red-01
-/dev/sdb1       7.3T  144G  6.8T   3% /mnt/red-02
-/dev/sdc1       7.3T  5.5T  1.9T  75% /mnt/white-02
-/dev/sdd1       9.1T  8.7T  435G  96% /mnt/white-01
-/dev/sde1       7.3T   28K  6.9T   1% /mnt/red-03
-/dev/sdf1       7.3T   28K  6.9T   1% /mnt/red-04
-```
-
-If you're going to use mounted disks, make sure to umount them before creating
-the pool.
-
-```sh
-sudo umount /dev/sda1
-sudo umount /dev/sdb1
-```
-
-Now that I've identified the disks I want to use and have them unmounted, let's
-create the pool. For this example, I will call it `tank`.
-
-```sh
-sudo zpool create -f -m /mnt/pool tank mirror /dev/sda /dev/sdb
-```
-
-See below for the results of the new ZFS pool named `tank`, with a vdev
-automatically named `mirror-0`.
-
-```sh
-> zfs list
-
-NAME   USED  AVAIL     REFER  MOUNTPOINT
-tank   396K  7.14T       96K  /tank
-```
-
-```sh
-> zpool status
-
-  pool: tank
- state: ONLINE
-config:
-
-	NAME        STATE     READ WRITE CKSUM
-	tank        ONLINE       0     0     0
-	  mirror-0  ONLINE       0     0     0
-	    sda     ONLINE       0     0     0
-	    sdb     ONLINE       0     0     0
-
-errors: No known data errors
-```
-
-We can also look at the mounted filesystem to see where the pool is mounted and
-some quick stats.
-
-```sh
-> df -h
-
-Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
-...
-tank            7.2T  128K  7.2T   1% /tank
-```
-
-### Expanding the Pool
-
-If you want to expand this pool, you will need to add a new VDEV to the pool.
-Since I am using 2 disks per VDEV, I will need to add a new 2-disk VDEV to the
-existing `tank` pool.
-
-```sh
-sudo zpool add tank mirror /dev/sdX /dev/sdY
-```
-
-If you're adding disks of different sizes, you'll need to use the `-f` flag.
-Keep in mind that the max size will be limited to the smallest disk added.
-
-```sh
-sudo zpool add -f tank mirror /dev/sdX /dev/sdY
-```
-
-I added two 8TB hard drives and this process took around 10 seconds to complete.
-
-When viewing the pool again, you can see that the pool has now doubled in size.
-We have 14.3 TB useable space and the same space used for mirroring.
-
-```sh
-> zfs list
-
-NAME         USED  AVAIL     REFER  MOUNTPOINT
-tank         145G  14.3T      104K  /tank
-tank/cloud   145G  14.3T      145G  /tank/cloud
-tank/media    96K  14.3T       96K  /tank/media
-```
-
-#### Converting Disks
-
-Some disks, such as NTFS-formatted drives, will need to be partitioned and
-formatted prior to being added to the pool.
-
-Start by identifying the disks you want to format and add to the pool.
-
-```sh
-sudo fdisk -l | grep /dev
-```
-
-I am going to format my `/dev/sdc` and `/dev/sdd` disks with the `fdisk`
-command.
-
-See below for instructions on how to use `fdisk`. Here's what I did to create
-basic Linux formatted disks:
-
-- `g` : Create GPT partition table
-- `n` : Create a new partition, hit Enter for all default options
-- `t` : Change partition type to `20` for `Linux filesystem`
-- `w` : Write the changes to disk and exit
-
-I repeated this process for both disks.
-
-```sh
-> sudo fdisk /dev/sdc
-
-Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.2).
-Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
-Be careful before using the write command.
-
-This disk is currently in use - repartitioning is probably a bad idea.
-It's recommended to umount all file systems, and swapoff all swap
-partitions on this disk.
-
-
-Command (m for help): m
-
-Help:
-
-  GPT
-   M   enter protective/hybrid MBR
-
-  Generic
-   d   delete a partition
-   F   list free unpartitioned space
-   l   list known partition types
-   n   add a new partition
-   p   print the partition table
-   t   change a partition type
-   v   verify the partition table
-   i   print information about a partition
-
-  Misc
-   m   print this menu
-   x   extra functionality (experts only)
-
-  Script
-   I   load disk layout from sfdisk script file
-   O   dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
-
-  Save & Exit
-   w   write table to disk and exit
-   q   quit without saving changes
-
-  Create a new label
-   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
-   G   create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
-   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
-   s   create a new empty Sun partition table
-```
-
-Once the drives are formatted, we can add these disks to the pool.
-
-```sh
-sudo zpool add tank mirror /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
-```
-
-When we list the pool again, we can see that our size is now updated to
-approximately 22TB. This represents my hard drives totalling 45.6TB when
-shown with `fdisk -l`, with a Raid10 configuration using 22TB for mirroring
-and 22TB of useable space.
-
-```sh
-> zfs list
-
-NAME         USED  AVAIL     REFER  MOUNTPOINT
-tank         145G  21.7T      104K  /tank
-tank/cloud   145G  21.7T      145G  /tank/cloud
-tank/media   145GT 21.7T       96K  /tank/media
-```
-
-### Creating Datasets
-
-According to [ZFS
-Terminology](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E18752_01/html/819-5461/ftyue.html), a
-`dataset` can refer to "clones, file systems, snapshots, and volumes.
-
-For this guide, I will use the `dataset` term to refer to file systems created
-under a pool.
-
-Within my `tank` pool, I am going to create some datasets to help organize my
-files. This will give me location to store data rather than simply dumping
-everything at the `/tank/` location.
-
-```sh
-sudo zfs create tank/cloud
-sudo zfs create tank/media
-```
-
-Once created, you can see these datasets in the output of your pool list:
-
-```sh
-> zfs list
-NAME         USED  AVAIL     REFER  MOUNTPOINT
-tank         752K  7.14T      104K  /tank
-tank/cloud    96K  7.14T       96K  /tank/cloud
-tank/media    96K  7.14T       96K  /tank/media
-```
-
-### Creating Snapshots
-
-Next, let's create our first snapshot. We can do this by calling the `snapshot`
-command and give it an output name. I will be throwing the current date and time
-into my example.
-
-```sh
-sudo zfs snapshot tank@$(date '+%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M')
-```
-
-We can list the snapshots in our pool with the following command:
-
-```sh
-> zfs list -t snapshot
-NAME                    USED  AVAIL     REFER  MOUNTPOINT
-tank@2024-02-06_19-41     0B      -      104K  -
-```
-
-### Destroy Snapshots
-
-You can always destroy snapshots that are no longer needed:
-
-```sh
-sudo zfs destroy tank@2024-02-06_19-41
-```
-
-Once deleted, they will no longer appear in the list:
-
-```sh
-> zfs list -t snapshot
-no datasets available
-```
-
-## My Thoughts on ZFS So Far
-
-- I sacrificed 25TB to be able to mirror my data, but I feel more comfortable
-  with the potential to save my data by quickly replacing a disk if I need to.
-- The set-up was surprisingly easy and fast.
-- Disk I/O is fast as well. I was worried that the data transfer speeds would be
-  slower due to the RAID configuration.
-- Media streaming and transcoding has seen no noticeable drop in performance.
-- My only limitation really is the number of HDD bays in my server HDD cage.